EVOGENIO®
- Evolutionäre Kunst
- Robert Trivers
Ein Click auf das Portrait führt zur Population der Evolutionären Portraitkunst erstellt von Dr. Günter Bachelier
Robert Trivers (* 19.
Februar 1943)
in Washington (D.C.)
ist ein US-amerikanischer Soziobiologe
und Evolutionsbiologe.
Er wurde vor allem bekannt durch das Konzept des reziproken Altruismus.
Leben
Robert L. Trivers wurde am 19. Februar 1943 in Washington DC geboren. Er war das zweite von sieben Kindern eines Angestellten im Auswärtigen Dienst. 1956 lebte er kurze Zeit in Berlin. Nach der Aufnahme eines Mathematikstudiums an der Harvard-Universität wechselte er zur Geschichte und erreichte 1965 seinen Bachelor in Amerikanischer Geschichte. Für zwei Jahre schrieb und illustrierte er Kinderbücher. Trivers kehrte dann nach Harvard zurück um von 1968 – 1972 Biologie zu studieren und erreichte seinen Doktorgrad 1972. Von 1973 – 1978 war er Dozent in Harvard. 1978 ging Trivers an die University of California, Santa Cruz, wo er bis 1994 blieb. Seit 1994 ist er Professor für Anthropologie und Biologie an der Rutgers University in New Brunswick (New Jersey).
Robert Trivers war schon immer an schwarzer Kultur interessiert. Er trat 1979 den Schwarzen Panthern bei. Die Schwarzen Panther waren eine afrikanisch, amerikanische ‚Black Power’ Bewegung, die 1966 durch Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale gegründet wurde. Die Gruppe hatte in den USA über 5000 Mitglieder.
Forschungsgebiete
- reziproker Altruismus: "If you scratch my back I'll scratch yours", "Du kratzt mir meinen Rücken, und ich kratz Dir deinen." Das Konzept des reziproken Altruismus versucht im Rahmen der natürlichen Selektion selbstloses Verhalten zu erklären. Es steht in Konkurrenz zur Verwandtenselektion.
- elterliches Investment: Verhalten eines Elternteils, das die Wahrscheinlichkeit des Überlebens – und damit auch des reproduktiven Erfolgs – eines individuellen Nachkommen erhöht und gleichzeitig die Investitionen in andere Nachkommen reduziert. (Wieviel soll in ein Kind investiert werden?)
- Eltern-Kind Konflikt (parent-offspring conflict) (1974): Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Eltern und Nachwuchs um die Höhe der Investitionen
- sexuelle Selektion: der Wettbewerb zwischen Individuen desselben Geschlechts um Geschlechtspartner, Ausbildung von sekundären Geschlechtsmerkmalen
- Evolution von Geschlechtsunterschieden, Herausbildung des Geschlechtsverhältnis (männlich : weiblich), Trivers-Willard Hypothese
- Evolutionäre Psychologie: Täuschung und Selbsttäuschung (Deceit and Self-Deception)
- Widerstreitende Gene innerhalb eines Individuums: Vatergene versus Muttergene, Selfish Genetic Elements
- Reproduktionserfolg
- Körper-Asymmetrie bei jamaikanischen Kindern
Siehe auch
- William D. Hamilton
- Richard Dawkins: Das egoistische Gen
- Seine Homepage an der Rutgers University [1]
Werke
- Trivers, Robert L., Burt, Austin (Januar 2006) Genes in Conflict. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, MA ISBN 0-674-01713-7
- Trivers, Robert L., (2004) Mutual Benefits at All Levels of Life. Science 304 :964–965.
- Trivers. R. (2002) Natural Selection and Social Theory: Selected Papers of Robert Trivers. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195130626
- Manning, JT, Barley, L, Walton, J, Lewis-Jones, DI, Trivers, RL, Singh, D, Thornhill, R, Rohde, P, Bereckie, T, Henzi, P. Solder, M, and Szwed, A. (2000) The 2nd:4th digit ratio, sexual dimorphism, population differences and reproductive success: evidence for sexually antagonistic genes in humans. Evolution and Human Behavior 21: 163-183.
- Trivers, R. (2000) The elements of a scientific theory of self-deception. Annals NY Acad Sciences 907: 114-131.
- Manning, JT, Trivers, R, Thornhill, R and Singh, D. (2000) The 2nd:4th digit ratio and hand preference in Jamaican children. Laterality
- Manning, JT, Trivers, R, Singh, D and Thornhill, R. (1999) The mystery of female beauty. Nature 399: 214-215.
- Trivers, R., Manning, J.T., Thornhill, R., Singh, D., and M. Mcguire. (1999) Jamaican Symmetry Project: Long-Term Study of Fluctuating Asymmetry in Rural Jamaican Children. In Human Biology, June 1999, v. 71, no. 3, pp.417-430.
- Trivers, R. and Burt, A. (1999) Kinship and genomic imprinting. In R. Ohlsson (ed) Genomic Imprinting, Springer, Heidelberg, pp 1-23.
- Burt, A. and Trivers, R. (1998) Genetic conflicts in genomic imprinting. Proc. Royal Society B. 265: 2393-2397.
- Burt, A. & R. Trivers, (1998) Selfish DNA and breeding system in flowering plants. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., 265, 141-146.
- Trivers, R. (1998) As They Would Do to You: A review of Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior By Elliot Sober and David Sloan Wilson. In Skeptic Vol.6, No.4, (1998)
- Manning, J., R. Trivers, R. Thornhill, D. Singh, J. Denham, M. Eklo & R. Anderton. (1997) Ear asymmetry and left-side cradling. Evolution and Human Behavior 18: 327-340.
- Trivers, R.L., (1997) Genetic basis of intrapsychic conflict. In N. Segal, G. Weisfeld, C. Weisfeld, eds. Uniting Psychology and Biology. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, pp. 385-395.
- Haig, D. and R. Trivers. (1995) The evolution of parental imprinting: A review of hypotheses. In R. Ohlsson, K. Hall and M. Ritzen (eds.) Genomic Imprinting: Causes and Consequences, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Polak, M. and Trivers, R. (1994) The science of symmetry in biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9:122- 124.
- Trivers, R. (1991) Deceit and self-deception: The relationship between communication and consciousness. In: M. Robinson and L. Tiger (eds.) Man and Beast Revisited, Smithsonian, Washington, DC, pp. 175-191.
- Trivers, R. (1988) Sex differences in rates of recombination and sexual selection. In R. Michod and D. Levin (eds.) The Evolution of Sex: An Examination of Current Ideas. Sinauer: Sunderland, MA.
- Seger, J. and Trivers, R. (1986) Asymmetry in the evolution of female mating preferences. Nature 319:771-773.
- Trivers, R. (1985) Social Evolution. Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, CA. ISBN 080538507X
- Hicks, R. and Trivers, R. (1983) The social behavior of Anolis valencienii. In A. Rhodin and K. Miyata (eds.) Advances in Herpetology and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, pp. 570-595.
- Trivers, R. L. (1983) The evolution of sex. Quarterly Review of Biology 58:62-67.
- Trivers, R.L./Newton, H.P. (1982) The crash of flight 90: Doomed by self-deception? Science Digest, November, 66—67, 111.
- Trivers, Robert L. (1974) Parent-Offspring Conflict. American Zoologist 14: 249-264.
- Trivers, R. L., and Willard, D. E. (1973) Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science, 179: 90-92. http://orion.oac.uci.edu/~dbell/Trivers.pdf
- Trivers, R.L. (1972) Parental investment and sexual selection. In Campbell, Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man
- Trivers, R.L. (1971) The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology 46: 35—57. [cc]
Robert L. Trivers, (born 19 February 1943, pronounced /ˈtrɪvɚz/) is an American evolutionary biologist and sociobiologist, most noted for proposing the theories of reciprocal altruism (1971), parental investment (1972), and parent-offspring conflict (1974). Other areas in which he has made influential contributions include an adaptive view of self-deception (first described in 1976) and intragenomic conflict. Along with George C. Williams, Trivers is arguably one of the most influential evolutionary theorists alive today.
A 1961 graduate of Phillips Academy, Andover, Trivers went to Harvard to study mathematics, but wound up studying U.S. history in preparation to become a lawyer. He took a psychology class after suffering a breakdown, and was very unimpressed with the state of psychology. He was prevented from getting into Yale law school by his breakdown, and wound up with a job writing social science textbooks for children (never published, due in part to presenting evolution by natural selection as fact). This exposure to evolutionary theory led him to do graduate work with Ernst Mayr at Harvard 1968-1972 (he never got a bachelor's degree anywhere). He was on faculty at Harvard 1973-1978, then moved to UC Santa Cruz.
He met Huey P. Newton, Chairman of the Black Panther Party, in 1978 when Newton applied (while in prison) to do a reading course with him as part of a graduate degree in History of Consciousness at UC Santa Cruz. Trivers and Newton became close friends: Newton was even godfather to one of Trivers' daughters. Trivers joined the Black Panther Party in 1979. Trivers and Newton published an analysis of the role of self-deception by the flight crew in the crash of Air Florida Flight 90.[1]
Trivers was a faculty member at UC Santa Cruz 1978-1994. He is currently a Rutgers University notable faculty member.
He wrote the original foreword to Richard Dawkins' The Selfish Gene, and was recently
awarded the 2007 Crafoord Prize in Biosciences for "his
fundamental analysis of social evolution, conflict and cooperation".[2][3]
Political views
Trivers is a harsh critic of Israeli government policies. He has called Harvard professor Alan Dershowitz, "nazi-like" and "a skunk" for his defense of Israel government policies.[4]
Significant papers
- Trivers, R. L. (1971) The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35-57.
- Trivers, R. L. (1972) Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.) Sexual selection and the descent of man, 1871-1971 (pp 136-179). Chicago, Aldine.
- Trivers R.L. & Willard, D. E. (1973) Natural selection of parental ability to vary the sex ratio of offspring. Science, 179(68), 90-2. pubmed
- Trivers, R. L. (1974). Parent-offspring conflict. American Zoologist, 14, 249-264.
- Trivers, R. L. & Hare R. (1976) Haplodiploidy and the evolution of the social insects. Science, 191(4224), 250-263. pubmed
- Trivers, R. L. (1991) Deceit and self-deception: The relationship between communication and consciousness. In: M. Robinson and L. Tiger (eds.) Man and Beast Revisited, Smithsonian, Washington, DC, pp. 175-191.
Books
- Trivers, R. L. (1985) Social Evolution. Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, CA.
- Trivers, R. L. (2002) Natural Selection and Social Theory: Selected Papers of Robert L. Trivers. (Evolution and Cognition Series) Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-513062-6
- Burt, A. & Trivers, R. L. (2006) Genes in Conflict : The Biology of Selfish Genetic Elements. Belknap Press, Harvard. ISBN 0-674-01713-7
References
- ^ Trivers, R.L. & Newton, H.P. Science Digest 'The crash of flight 90: doomed by self-deception?' November 1982, pp 66,67,111.
- ^ The Crafoord Prize in Biosciences 2007. The Crafoord Prize (website) (2007-01-18). Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ "Jamaican-born (sic) scientist gets top award", Jamaica Gleaner, 2007-01-29. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
- ^ The Harvard Crimson :: News :: In Speech, Trivers Derides Dershowitz
External links
- Official site at Rutgers University
- Brief Autobiography
- The Guardian: Profile: The Kindness of Strangers
- IT Conversations lectures
- Speak, Darwinists! Interviews with leading evolutionists.
- Chomsky + Trivers on self-deception
- Seed Magazine conversation with Noam Chomsky and Robert Trivers
Quelle (05.2008): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Trivers